How Many Heifers to Keep?
Each year commercial cow/calf operations must decide how many replacement heifers are grown out to be put in the breeding pasture. Individual ranches must make the decisions about heifer retention based upon factors that directly affect their bottom-line. Stocking rates may have changed over time due to increases in cow size. Droughts have caused herd sizes to fluctuate over time.
Matching the number of cattle to the grass and feed resources on the ranch is a constant challenge for any cow-calf producer. Also producers strive to maintain cow numbers to match their marketing plans for the long term changes in the cattle cycle. Therefore it is a constant struggle to evaluate the number of replacement heifers that must be developed or purchased to bring into the herd each year. As a starting place in the effort to answer this question, it is important to look at the “average” cow herd to understand how many cows are in each age category. The Dickenson North Dakota Research and Extension Center reported on the average number of cows in their research herd by age group for a period of over 20 years. The following graph depicts the “average” percent of cows in this herd by age group.
The above graph indicates that the typical herd will, “on the average”, calve out 17% new first calf cows each year. Stated another way, if 100 cows are expected to produce a calf each year, 17 of them will be having their first baby. Therefore this gives us a starting point in choosing how many heifers we need to save each year.
Next, we must predict the percentage of heifers that enter a breeding season that will become pregnant. The prediction is made primarily upon the nutritional growing program that the heifers receive between weaning and breeding. The rate at which heifers are grown between weaning and breeding will vary depending on the size of the operation, the land resources available, and the selection criteria desired by the cattle owner. The rate of growth between weaning and breeding will determine the percentage of heifers cycling at the start of the breeding season. Researchers many years ago, found that only half of heifers that reached 55% of their eventual mature weight were cycling by the time they entered their first breeding season. This data was reinforced with data from Oklahoma State University (Davis and Wettemann, 2009 OSU Animal Science Research Report).
Growing heifers at a slower rate between weaning and breeding would result in most of them weighing 55% of mature weight (or less) when the breeding season begins. If these heifers were exposed to a bull for a limited number of days (45-60), not all would have a chance to become pregnant during that breeding season. Therefore, it would be necessary to keep an additional 50% more heifers just to make certain that enough bred heifers were available to go into the herd. Although the cost per heifer may be lower, there will be increased total inputs because of the increase in number of animals. Remember the increased number of heifers will require additional pasture, increased health costs, and increased breeding costs. If natural breeding is used, extra bull power may be necessary. If artificial insemination is the method of choice, the larger number of heifers will require increased synchronization and AI costs. As soon as possible the heifers should be pregnancy checked and the open heifers marketed as stocker heifers. Hopefully most of the extra pasture, feed, and health inputs are recovered by the sale value of the open heifers.
However if the heifers were grown at a more rapid rate and weighed 65% of their eventual mature weight, then 90% of them would be cycling at the start of the breeding season and a much higher pregnancy rate would be the result. Therefore fewer heifers are needed. Even in the very best scenarios, a few heifers will be difficult or impossible to breed. Most experienced cow herd managers will always expose at least 10% more heifers than they need even when all heifers are grown rapidly and weigh at least 65% of the expected mature weight at bull turn-out or estrous synchronization.
The need to properly estimate the expected mature weight is important in understanding heifer growing programs. Cattle type and mature size has increased over the last half century. Rules of thumb that apply to 1000 pound mature cows very likely do not apply to your herd. Watch sale weights of culled mature cows from your herd to better estimate the needed size and weights for heifers in your program. Most commercial herds have cows that average about 1200 pounds or more. This requires that the heifers from these cows must weigh at least 780 pounds at the start of their first breeding season to expect a high percentage to be cycling when you turn in the bulls.
This discussion is meant to be a starting place in the decision to determine the number of heifers needed for replacements. Ranchers must keep in mind the over-riding need to understand what forage base resources that they have available to them. If forage resources are already in consistently short supply, maintaining or increasing herd size may be counter-productive.
